Using a combination of commercial, political, and military intervention, the United States controlled the governments of most countries in Central America and the Caribbean by the late 1800s. Leaders who resisted U.S. pressure, most notably President Francisco Madero of Mexico, were often overthrown or even killed by forces organized and supplied by the U.S. government, U.S. officials, or U.S. companies. Since this control was carried out without annexing territory (except for Puerto Rico and the Danish Virgin Islands), it is often called indirect imperialism.